Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College
type: channel
publisher: Sharif Medical & Dental College, Lahore
language: en
publication name: Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College
issn: 2411-5096
items: Co-Occurrence of Synovial Chondromatosis and Distal Humeral Osteochondroma of the Elbow in a Young Athlete: A Case Report
items: Outcomes of Donors in Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Effect of Strict Donor Selection Criteria
items: Comparison of Efficacy and Safety between CAPOX and FOLFOX6 in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma
items: Association between Perception Constructs and Attitude towards Adoption of Artificial Intelligence as a Teaching Tool among Medical Students
items: Serum Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Superoxide Dismutase Levels as Biomarkers in Depression
items: Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from ICU Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
items: Efficacy and Safety of Oral Itraconazole vs Oral Itraconazole Plus Oral Isotretinoin in Treatment of Chronic Recurrent Dermatophytosis
items: Association between High-Altitude Residence and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Misgar, Gilgit-Baltistan
items: Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Pediatric Enteric Fever: A Cross-Sectional Study from Lahore, Pakistan
items: Can Ultrasound Pixel Density Serve as a Non-Invasive Alternative to Thoracentesis in Classifying Pleural Effusions?
items: Comparative Analysis of Procedural Success of Patients Undergoing Carotid Angioplasty in Tertiary Care Center
items: Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education and Clinical Practice: Navigating Innovation Responsibly
items: Association of Clinical and Biochemical Parameters with Renal Resistive Index in Type 2 Diabetic patients with Normal Albuminuria
items: Hypoalbuminemia and its Relation with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and In-Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Unit patients
items: Attitudes of Medical Faculty Enrolled in Masters in Health Professions Education towards Professionalism in a Private Pakistani University: a Mixed-Methods Study
items: Cardiac Defects in Neonates Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and their Association with Maternal Treatment Regime
items: Hepatoprotective role of Silybum Marianum against Azithromycin-Induced Histological and Biochemical Changes in Albino Wistar Rats
items: Association of Serum Cortisol, Interleukin-6, and Serotonin with Depression
items: Diagnostic Accuracy of Alanine Aminotransferase in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy and its Association with Maternal & Fetal/Neonatal Complications
items: Comparison of Soft Tissue Healing in Immediate Implant Placement in Fresh Extraction Socket with and without the Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin
items: Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusion among Women
items: Maternal Malnutrition: Burden on Maternal and Neonatal Health in Pakistan
items: Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Complex Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in terms of Mortality and Stent Thrombosis
items: Early Clinical Exposure through Modular Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Students: Student Experiences
items: Association of Radial Artery Diameter with Radial Artery Spasm in Patients Undergoing Transradial Cardiac Catheterization
items: Comparison of Effectiveness between Diclofenac Suppositories and Injection Diclofenac in Abdominal Surgeries
items: Diagnostic Accuracy of Retrograde Urethrogram in Determination of Urethral Stricture taking Cystoscopy as Gold Standard
items: Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Children and Young Adolescents Visiting Provincial Headquarter Hospital in Gilgit, Pakistan and their Associated Factors
items: Efficacy of Lacosamide in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy
items: Association of HbA1c Levels with Complexity of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Co-Occurrence of Synovial Chondromatosis and Distal Humeral Osteochondroma of the Elbow in a Young Athlete: A Case Report
type: item
description: Synovial chondromatosis and osteochondroma rarely present concurrently in the elbow. We report a 19-year-old male football goalkeeper with an 8 month history of progressive right elbow pain and restricted range of motion (flexion 90°, extension 30°) likely related to repetitive microtrauma. Imaging revealed multiple intraarticular small, loose bodies; known as rice bodies consistent with synovial chondromatosis and a distal humeral osteochondroma measuring >2.5 cm. In the first stage, arthroscopic synovectomy with excision of rice bodies was performed, while the osteochondroma was left for a planned second stage open resection. This case highlights the importance of staged surgical management and rehabilitation in restoring function in a young patient with concurrent benign elbow pathologies.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Synovial chondromatosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Osteochondroma
  topic: keywords
subject: Arthroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Synovectomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Farooq Azam Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 65
ending page: 68
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.cr.01

Outcomes of Donors in Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Effect of Strict Donor Selection Criteria
type: item
description: Objective: To evaluate the effect of strict institutional donor selection criteria on short term safety outcomes among living liver donors undergoing hepatectomy. Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study on 140 living liver donor records was conducted in the Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) and Liver Transplant Surgery at Bahria International Hospital, Orchard, Lahore. The study was carried out from January to March 2026 after obtaining institutional ethical approval. Donors were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team and selected through a structured protocol that included clinical, biochemical, radiological, and psychosocial evaluations. Acceptable graft parameters included graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) ≥0.8 and future liver remnant (FLR) ≥30%. Those with significant comorbidities, fatty liver, abnormal liver function tests, and fibrosis were not selected for donation. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. Results: The mean age of donors was 27.0±4.7 years with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.0±2.4 kg/m². The mean length of hospital stay was 5.0±0.7 days. Overall, early postoperative complications occurred in 3(2.1%) donors, including bile leak in 2(1.4%) cases and wound infection in 1(0.7%) case. No donor mortality was observed. Donors who developed early complications had a significantly longer hospital stay compared with those without complications (6.67±0.58 days vs 4.98±0.62 days, p <0.001). Conclusion: The use of a meticulous donor selection protocol, combined with a multidisciplinary assessment, was associated with low complication rates, shorter hospital stays, and no donor mortality.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Living donors
  topic: keywords
subject: Hepatectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Postoperative complications
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient selection
  topic: keywords
subject: Length of stay
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Haroon
creator: Muhammad Imran Khan
creator: Raja Saddam Dildar
creator: Muhammad Ijaz Ashraf
creator: Faisal Hanif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 59
ending page: 64
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.10

Comparison of Efficacy and Safety between CAPOX and FOLFOX6 in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma
type: item
description: Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of CAPOX versus FOLFOX6 in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma in terms of disease progression, mortality, and treatment-related toxicities. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Oncology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, from September 2025 to February 2026, following ethical approval from the institutional review board. Patients aged 20 to 80 years with metastatic colorectal carcinoma planned for postoperative chemotherapy were recruited using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique after obtaining informed written consent. A total of 248 patients were screened, of whom 216 eligible patients were randomized to either CAPOX or FOLFOX6 treatment groups. During follow-up, 15 patients in the CAPOX group and 22 patients in the FOLFOX6 group were lost to follow-up; therefore, the final analysis was performed on 179 patients, including 93 in the CAPOX group and 86 in the FOLFOX6 group. Outcomes included disease progression, dose reduction, hepatotoxicity, diarrhea, neuropathy, treatment discontinuation, and mortality. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between the two groups (p >0.05). Disease progression occurred in 25(26.9%) patients in the CAPOX group and 32(37.2%) patients in the FOLFOX6 group [odd ratio (OR) 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.33-1.17; p=0.138]. Neuropathy was significantly less frequent in the CAPOX group compared with the FOLFOX6 group (24.7% vs. 47.7%; p=0.001). Hepatotoxicity was less frequent in the CAPOX group than in the FOLFOX6 group (5.4% vs. 14.0%); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.051). Mortality, dose reduction, treatment discontinuation, and diarrhea did not differ significantly between the groups (p >0.05). Conclusion: In patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma, CAPO…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Colorectal Neoplasms
  topic: keywords
subject: Neoplasm metastasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Capecitabine
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxaliplatin
  topic: keywords
creator: Parnia Ansari
creator: Kausar Bano
creator: Rishma Nadeem
creator: Hasnain Ali
creator: Hatim Rasheed
creator: Zeeshan Majeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 52
ending page: 58
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.09

Association between Perception Constructs and Attitude towards Adoption of Artificial Intelligence as a Teaching Tool among Medical Students
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the association between key perception constructs measured using the technology acceptance model (TAM) questionnaire and attitude towards adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) as a teaching tool among medical students in Pakistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, from September 2025 to February 2026 after ethical approval. Two hundred and eighty five MBBS students aged ≥18 years of any gender were included using a non-probability convenience sampling technique after obtaining informed written consent. Students with prior AI experience or enrollment in AI programs were excluded. A predesigned TAM questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The key perception constructs, perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU), were compared with the main dependent outcome, i.e., attitude towards AI use. Results: The mean age of the participants was 21.5±1.5 years. Most students were females [156(54.7%)] and majority of the students belong to 4th year MBBS [105(36.8%)]. Multivariable regression showed that perceived usefulness had a significantly positive association with attitude towards AI adoption (p-value=0.001) whereas perceived ease of use demonstrated a weak but significant negative association with attitude (p=0.005). Conclusion: Perceived usefulness is found to be a primary driver of AI adoption among medical students. However, perceived ease of use demonstrated a small but significant negative association with attitude, suggesting that its role may be secondary when usefulness is accounted for in the model.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Chatbots
  topic: keywords
subject: ChatGPT
  topic: keywords
creator: Amber Arshad
creator: Saadia Shahzad
creator: Ammara Riaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 47
ending page: 51
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.08

Serum Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Superoxide Dismutase Levels as Biomarkers in Depression
type: item
description: Objective: To assess levels of hemoglobin, serum copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in individuals with depressive disorder and to evaluate their diagnostic utility as biomarkers using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Methodology: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the University of Health Sciences, Lahore from September 2025 to March 2026 and serum samples were collected from Combined Military Hospital, Muzaffarabad. After obtaining institutional ethical approval, 30 healthy controls and 60 patients with depressive disorder diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria were included. Study participants were recruited using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. After obtaining informed written consent, blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, copper, zinc, iron, and SOD levels using standard laboratory methods. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 was used for data analysis and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Patients with depression had significantly higher serum copper levels (129.31±45.81 vs. 101.32±14.14 µg/dL, p=0.001) and Cu/Zn ratio (1.71±1.05 vs. 1.15±0.44, p=0.001), but lower hemoglobin levels (10.89±0.92 vs. 11.35±1.01 g/dL, p=0.040) and SOD activity (54.14±44.66 vs. 84.02±28.72 U/mL, p=0.001) compared to healthy controls. In the depression group, serum copper showed significant inverse correlations with zinc (r=-0.38, p=0.004) and SOD activity (r=-0.41, p=0.002). Regarding diagnostic performance, serum copper demonstrated fair discriminatory ability [area under the curve (AUC)=0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.58-0.82], while a combined model of serum copper and Cu/Zn ratio showed improved performance (AUC=0.82, 95% CI:0.71-0.90), indicating good discriminatory ability. Conclusion: The depression group showed significantly elevated …
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Depressive disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: Copper
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinc
  topic: keywords
subject: Superoxide dismutase
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Tariq
creator: Ujala Aymun
creator: Ayman Shahzad
creator: Yusra Leghari
creator: Umera Saleem
creator: Shabbir Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 39
ending page: 46
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.07

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from ICU Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of bacterial isolates among intensive care unit (ICU) patients in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the Microbiology Laboratory of Provincial Headquarter Hospital, Gilgit, from October 2025 to March 2026 after ethical approval. After taking informed consent, 150 culture specimens received from ICU patients were tested by non-probability consecutive sampling. Each specimen was inoculated onto the appropriate culture media, then incubated and carefully identified based on colony morphology, Gram stain, and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The antibiotic zone diameters were reported following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2025. The statistical analysis was done by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Results: The most common pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus (31.6%), succeeded by Escherichia coli (17.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.3%), Acinetobacter baumannii (10.2%), Enterococcus species (9.2%), and Proteus species (3.1%). Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CoNS) and Enterococcus species were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS showed less resistance to gentamicin (35.7% versus 23.5%) and doxycycline (28.6% and 17.6%). Carbapenems showed 100% susceptibility in all Gram-negative isolates. Piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin and nitrofurantoin showed better sensitivities as compared to other antibiotics. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus and Pseudomonas showed 29.4%, 33.3%, 0% & 38.5% resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam and 17.6%, 20%, 33.3% & 46.1% to amikacin. Resistance to nitrofurantoin was 27.3% for E. coli, 0% for Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus species. Aci…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Drug resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-bacterial agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Intensive care units
  topic: keywords
creator: Aqsa Aslam
creator: Sadaf Nasir
creator: Anwar Hussain Abbasi
creator: Uzma Ali
creator: Hina Andaleeb
creator: Naila Rafique
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 32
ending page: 38
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.06

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Itraconazole vs Oral Itraconazole Plus Oral Isotretinoin in Treatment of Chronic Recurrent Dermatophytosis
type: item
description: Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of oral itraconazole alone versus oral itraconazole in combination with oral isotretinoin in the treatment of chronic recurrent dermatophytosis. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology, Services Hospital, Lahore, over a duration of one year from January to December, 2025, after institutional ethical approval. Written informed consent was obtained, and a total of 125 patients with recurrent tinea cruris and/or tinea corporis were enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients were allocated into two groups: group A (n=61) received oral itraconazole alone, while group B (n=64) received oral itraconazole in combination with oral isotretinoin for one month. Patients were followed weekly during the treatment period to assess clinical cure and adverse effects. Mycological cure was assessed at the end of one month of treatment, and patients were then followed monthly for three months posttreatment to evaluate relapse. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: The mean age of our study participants was 33.95±7.59 years. This study found no statistically significant difference in clinical and mycological cure at treatment completion between the groups (p=0.06). However, relapse was significantly more frequent in group A (55.7%) compared to the group B (34.4%) (p=0.013). Group B experienced a significantly higher frequency of adverse effects, particularly cheilitis and lip dryness (p <0.001). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in initial clinical or mycological cure rates between the groups. However, group B receiving combination therapy significantly reduced relapse rates but was associated with a higher frequency of adverse effects in the treatment of chronic recurrent dermatophytosis.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Dermatophytes
  topic: keywords
subject: Itraconazole
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Isotretinoin
  topic: keywords
subject: Antifungal agents
  topic: keywords
creator: Alina Abbass
creator: Hira Tariq
creator: Saelah Batool
creator: Uzma Amin
creator: Faria Altaf
creator: Javeria Bushra Touqir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 26
ending page: 31
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.05

Association between High-Altitude Residence and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Misgar, Gilgit-Baltistan
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the association between high-altitude residence and the risk of prostate cancer based on prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) among residents of Gilgit-Baltistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Misgar, Gilgit Baltistan, by Sharif Institute of Urology & Renal Transplant (SIURT), Sharif Medical City Hospital, Lahore, from July to December 2025, following ethical approval from the institutional review board. After meeting the selection criteria, 96 male residents of high altitude, having age ≥40 years, were enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique, irrespective of digital rectal examination (DRE) or ultrasound findings. The patients then underwent clinical evaluation, and blood samples were collected to measure their prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Prostate size (ml) was measured using abdomino-pelvic ultrasound by a consultant radiologist in the nearest health facility, and PSAD was calculated. Based on PSA density, patients were categorized as having low, intermediate, and high risk of cancer. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: The mean age of the patients was 59.38±11.12 years. Among patients residing at high altitude for ≥10 years, a high risk of prostate cancer based on PSA density was observed in 4(4.2%) cases, whereas among those living at high altitude for <10 years, high risk was not found in any of the patients (p <0.001). Most of the smokers, hypertensives, diabetics, and those with positive family history of prostate cancer had intermediate or high risk of prostate cancer (p <0.05). However, alcohol use showed no such association (p-value=0.18). Conclusion: Residents living at high altitude for more than 10 years had a significantly higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those residing at high altitude for less than 10 years.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Prostate Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Prostate-specific antigen
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital rectal examination
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Rafiq Zaki
creator: Mujahid Hussain
creator: Abrar Haider
creator: Bilawal Sattar
creator: Faizan Haider
creator: Muhammad Hamza
creator: Ehtasham ul Haq
creator: Ahmad Bashir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 21
ending page: 25
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.04

Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Pediatric Enteric Fever: A Cross-Sectional Study from Lahore, Pakistan
type: item
description: Objective: To assess the clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities, and antimicrobial response patterns among children diagnosed with enteric fever. Methodology: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Ittefaq Hospital (Trust), Lahore from January to June 2025. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee. Informed written consent was sought from parents/guardians of study participants. A sample size of 131 was calculated and children suspected of enteric fever were enrolled using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Demographic and clinical data was documented. Blood samples were obtained aseptically before antimicrobial therapy and processed for Salmonella typhi identification and antimicrobial susceptibility. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Results: The median age of 131 children was 7.0 years [inter-quartile range (IQR) 3.0-9.0]. Blood culture was positive for Salmonella typhi in 75(57.3%) cases including 42(32.1%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 33(25.2%) extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Abdominal pain (p=0.004) and constipation (p=0.010) were more frequent in XDR cases. Leukopenia occurred only in XDR cases (p=0.009), and raised C-reactive protein (CRP) was more common in MDR (85.7%) and XDR (90.9%) samples compared to no growth samples (p <0.001). Conclusion: Salmonella typhi was identified in over half of the cases with a high proportion of MDR and XDR strains. Abdominal pain, constipation, and leukopenia were significantly more common among XDR patients compared to MDR patients. C-reactive protein was significantly elevated in both MDR and XDR cases, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) showed no association. Multidrug-resistant strains showed sensitivity to ceftriaxone and XDR strains to azithromycin & carbapenems.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Enteric fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Salmonella typhi
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahid Hamid
creator: Muhammad Umar Rasool
creator: Amna Siddique
creator: Sabah Yasir
creator: Rabiya Abdur Razzaq
creator: Aiman Chishti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 15
ending page: 20
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.03

Can Ultrasound Pixel Density Serve as a Non-Invasive Alternative to Thoracentesis in Classifying Pleural Effusions?
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the diagnostic performance of ultrasound pixel density in differentiating exudative from transudative pleural effusions, using Light’s criteria as the gold standard. Methodology: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted at the Pulmonology Department of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from January to April 2026, after institutional ethical approval. One hundred and ten patients with pleural effusions confirmed by ultrasound and scheduled for diagnostic thoracentesis were enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. A curvilinear ultrasound probe (3-5 MHz) was used with standardized depth (8 cm) and gain (60 dB) settings. Three frozen B-mode images were obtained per patient, and pixel density was quantified within a 1 cm² region of interest using ImageJ software. Ultrasonographic pixel density ≥9.5 was classified as exudative. Light’s criteria were applied to pleural fluid biochemistry as the gold standard. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. Results: Among 110 patients (mean age 42.29±9.09 years; 61.8% males), 66(60%) were classified as having exudative and 44(40%) as having transudative pleural effusion according to Light’s criteria. At the 9.5 cut-off value, pixel density demonstrated a sensitivity of 25.76%, specificity of 95.45%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.47%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 46.15%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 53.64%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75 (p <0.001). Median pixel density was significantly higher in exudative effusions (3.35) compared with transudative effusions (1.50) (p <0.001). Conclusion: Pixel density on ultrasound at a cut-off value of 9.5 demonstrated high specificity with low sensitivity for differentiating exudative from transudative pleural effusion. The ROC analys…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Pleural effusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Thoracentesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity and specificity
  topic: keywords
creator: Aqsa Javaid
creator: Muhammad Zill-e-Humayun Mirza
creator: Muhammad Khalid Azam Khan
creator: Asif Ullah Khan
creator: Naveed Anjum
creator: Muhammad Hamza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 8
ending page: 14
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.02

Comparative Analysis of Procedural Success of Patients Undergoing Carotid Angioplasty in Tertiary Care Center
type: item
description: Objective: To compare the procedural success between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients who underwent carotid angioplasty in a tertiary care center. Methodology: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi after taking ethical approval. Data was collected from March 2023 to March 2026. Following written informed consent, 170 patients aged ≥18 years with severe carotid artery stenosis who underwent carotid angioplasty were included using non-probability consecutive sampling. The patients were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. All cases of carotid angioplasty with stenting were performed electively by the team of interventional cardiologists in the catheterization lab using aseptic protocols. Procedural success was defined as residual stenosis of <30% after stent placement with no major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). Patients were followed up at 30 days and 6 months. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: One hundred and forty one (82.9%) patients had a history of stroke, and were symptomatic, whereas, 29(17.1%) patients were asymptomatic, with either no symptom (6%) or planned for coronary artery bypass grafting (16.5%). The technical success was 100%, with <30% residual stenosis. Out of 170 patients, 2(1.2%) patients died, 3(1.8%) patients developed stroke and 1(0.6%) patient had myocardial infarction at 6 months. The overall procedural success was 96.5%. The procedural succcess was not significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (p-value = 1.00). Conclusion: Carotid angioplasty showed excellent procedural success in symptomatic as well as asymptomatic patients in a tertiary care center.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Carotid stenosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Stents
  topic: keywords
subject: Stroke
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Faizan Younus
creator: Asim Javed
creator: Asma Shabbir
creator: Zunera Hakim
creator: Mujaddid Mudassir
creator: Adeel ur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 3
ending page: 7
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.oa.01

Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education and Clinical Practice: Navigating Innovation Responsibly
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved into an essential component of modern healthcare and medical education, supporting clinical decision-making, documentation, research, and personalized learning. AI-based tools enhance medical training by generating clinical scenarios, simplifying complex concepts, providing instant feedback, and facilitating self-directed learning. In resource-limited settings such as Pakistan, AI offers opportunities to address gaps in faculty availability and clinical exposure. In clinical practice, AI is increasingly utilized in specialties including radiology, dermatology, pathology, and cardiology for diagnostic assistance, risk prediction, image interpretation, and administrative support, thereby improving efficiency and expanding access to healthcare services. Despite its benefits, AI presents significant challenges related to reliability, algorithmic bias, transparency, accountability, patient privacy, and data security. Excessive dependence on AI may undermine critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and professional judgment among healthcare professionals and trainees. Ethical concerns remain central, as empathy, compassion, communication, and patient trust cannot be replicated by algorithms. The successful integration of AI into healthcare and medical education requires appropriate governance, AI literacy, institutional support, and responsible implementation. The future of medicine lies not in replacing physicians with AI, but in combining technological innovation with human expertise, ethical responsibility, and compassionate patient care.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Uzma Ahsan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 2
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v12.i01.ed

Association of Clinical and Biochemical Parameters with Renal Resistive Index in Type 2 Diabetic patients with Normal Albuminuria
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the association between the renal resistive index (RRI) and different biochemical and clinical parameters in type 2 diabetic patients with normal albuminuria. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Radiology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore with a diabetic clinic collaboration for one year from January to December 2023. After ethical approval, 300 type 2 diabetic patients with normal albuminuria <30 mg/g were included by non-probability convenience sampling. After obtaining informed consent, patient demographic and clinical details were noted on the proforma. All the patients underwent renal Doppler ultrasound and RRI was estimated. Various biochemical parameters of the patients were estimated. The data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Results: The average RRI was >=0.70 in 64(21.3%) patients who were labeled as having nephropathy, >=0.65 to <0.7 in 82(27.4%), and 154(51.3%) had normal RRI. There was a significant association of renal resistive index with duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), serum creatinine, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients with normal albuminuria (p-value=<0.05). Conclusion: Renal resistive index had a significant association with duration of diabetes, serum creatinine, urinary ACR, GFR, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profile. It can be used for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with normal albuminuria.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic nephropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
subject: Renal artery
  topic: keywords
creator: Arsalan Shahid
creator: Madiha Naseer
creator: Sudhanshu Kumar Thakur
creator: Mahwish Farzana
creator: Saulat Sarfraz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 49
ending page: 54

Hypoalbuminemia and its Relation with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and In-Hospital Mortality in Intensive Care Unit patients
type: item
description: Objective: To evaluate the association of hypoalbuminemia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and to determine the relation of ARDS with demographics and worst clinical outcomes. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at the Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad after ethical approval. The study duration was 8 months from March 2024 to October 2024. After taking informed consent from patients or their attendants, 350 patients admitted to the medical ICU were included using non-probability convenience sampling technique. The demographic details of the patients, their co-morbidities and primary diagnoses were noted. The serum samples of the patients were sent to the laboratory for estimation of serum albumin levels. Patients were allocated to group I having serum albumin <3.5 mg/dl (n=210) and Group II with serum albumin levels >3.5 mg/dl (n=140). The outcomes assessed were the frequency of ARDS, length of ICU stay, and in-hospital mortality. The statistical analysis was done by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: Out of 350 patients, 136(38.9%) developed ARDS; 34.3% had low albumin levels whereas, only 4.6% had normal serum albumin. In-hospital mortality occurred in 30% of the patients, out of which 20.3% and 9.7% of the patients had low and normal serum albumin, respectively. The mean length of ICU stay was 12.2±1.4 days and 8.9±2.5 days in group I and group II, respectively. These findings were statistically significant. Acute respiratory distress syndrome has a significant association with age, risk factors, serum albumin levels, length of ICU stay, and in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay have a significant relation with hypoalbuminemia in ICU patients. There was a significant association of acute respiratory distress …
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Hypoalbuminemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Respiratory distress syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospital mortality
  topic: keywords
creator: Sana Gul
creator: Mohammad Tahir
creator: Rana Ahsan Javed
creator: Hassan Atique
creator: Mehdi Naqvi
creator: Muaz Mubashir Abdin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 44
ending page: 48

Attitudes of Medical Faculty Enrolled in Masters in Health Professions Education towards Professionalism in a Private Pakistani University: a Mixed-Methods Study
type: item
description: Objective: To examine the attitudes of medical faculty enrolled in the Masters in Health Professions Education (MHPE) program towards professionalism at Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad. Methodology: The study was conducted at Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad from August 2024 to January 2025 after ethical approval. After taking informed consent, universal sampling technique was used to enroll all 40 MHPE faculty members. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered to explore dimensions of professionalism including excellence, altruism, honor & integrity, accountability, duty and respect. A 36-item validated Likert-scale questionnaire assessed attitude of MHPE faculty, complemented by four in-depth semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. For the analysis of qualitative data, Notta software was used. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed most of the participants were females [28(70%)] and belonged to MBBS background [21(52.5%)]. Our participants exhibited poor professional attitudes indicated by low mean scores of professionalism (2.07-/+0.45) and its six domains. A significant positive correlation was present between professionalism and variables such as excellence (r=0.77), duty (r=0.68), and altruism (r=0.68). Regression analysis confirmed these as key predictors. Qualitative themes highlighted challenges in curriculum integration, resource gaps, and the influence of institutional culture. Conclusion: Our results showed poor attitudes of MHPE enrolled medical faculty towards professionalism indicated by low mean scores of professionalism and its six domains of altruism, respect, honor & integrity, accountability, duty, and excellence. Our thematic analysis identified professionalism as one of the fundamentals of medical education. Time & resource constraints and role ambiguity were major chall…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Professionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Faculty
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
creator: Zaineb Qamar
creator: M. Nasir Ayub Khan
creator: Hina Zaid
creator: Laraib Qamar
creator: Zartashia Arooj
creator: Lamia Yusuf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 39
ending page: 43

Cardiac Defects in Neonates Born to Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and their Association with Maternal Treatment Regime
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the type of cardiac anomalies on echocardiography in neonates delivered to mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and evaluate the association of neonatal cardiac defects with maternal treatment during pregnancy. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Ittefaq Trust Hospital, Lahore from August 2024 to January 2025 after ethical approval. A total of 108 neonates delivered to mothers with gestational diabetes were included using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. After taking informed consent from parents, they were screened by using echocardiography and neonatal cardiac anomalies were noted, if present. All the neonates with cardiac anomalies were followed-up in outpatient department (OPD) for spontaneous closure of defect for 3 months. The data was analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: The mean age of neonates at presentation was 2.00±0.72 days. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed in the second trimester in 72(66.7%) and the third trimester in 36(33.3%) mothers. Out of 108 females, 12(11.1%) were only on insulin, 76(70.4%) were prescribed metformin only, 16(14.8%) were taking combination of metformin with insulin and 4(3.7%) were on diet control. On echocardiography, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was detected in 56(70%) cases, ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 8(10%) neonates, septal hypertrophy with PDA in 8(10%) cases, VSD with PDA in 8(10%) cases while 28(25.9%) had normal cardiac functioning. At follow-up, spontaneous closure of defect occurred in 68(85%) neonates with congenital cardiac defects. On comparison, PDA was significantly more common in neonates of diabetic mothers on metformin (p <0.05). Conclusion: Neonates born to diabetic mothers had a high frequency of cardiac abnormalities (74%). The risk of cardiac anomalies was significantly high in neonates born to females with GDM who were treated with me…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Gestational diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: Echocardiography
  topic: keywords
subject: Patent ductus arteriosus
  topic: keywords
subject: Ventricular septal defect
  topic: keywords
creator: Amna Siddique
creator: Muhammad Umar Rasool
creator: Riffat Naeem
creator: Arooj Mirza
creator: Salwa Naeem
creator: Shahid Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 33
ending page: 38

Hepatoprotective role of Silybum Marianum against Azithromycin-Induced Histological and Biochemical Changes in Albino Wistar Rats
type: item
description: Objective: To observe the harmful effects of azithromycin on the liver of albino Wistar rats and analyze the protective effect of silybum marianum against azithromycin-induced histological and biochemical changes in their liver. Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at the Baqai Medical University, Karachi from December 2023 to March 2024. After ethical approval, 30 male albino Wistar rats were categorized into three groups with 10 rats each. Group A was kept as a control, group B was given azithromycin 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days orally, group C received azithromycin 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days, and silybum marianum (seed extract) 100 mg/kg/day for 21 days orally. After the experiment, all the rats were sacrificed and 3 ml blood was drawn out by cardiac puncture for estimation of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) & alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The liver of the sacrificed rats was removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Results: The mean levels of liver enzymes were significantly raised and SOD levels were significantly reduced in group B as compared to group A and C rats. The liver parenchyma of group B rats exhibited significant histopathological changes such as inflammation, hemorrhage, and steatosis, whereas, all group A and most of the group C rats showed no histopathological changes with statistical significance. Conclusion: Azithromycin-treated rats showed significant biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver parenchyma as compared to control group rats. In azithromycin and silybum marianum-treated rats, the biochemical and histopathological changes were significantly reduced as compared to azithromycin-treated rats alone, indicating the hepatoprotective effects of silybum marianum.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Silybum marianum
  topic: keywords
subject: Azithromycin
  topic: keywords
subject: Superoxide dismutase
  topic: keywords
subject: Aspartate aminotransferase
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Saba Akram
creator: Mubashra Tahseen
creator: Uzma Bukhari
creator: S. Inayat Ali
creator: Tayyaba Kazmi
creator: Muhammad Mohtasheem ul Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 26
ending page: 32

Association of Serum Cortisol, Interleukin-6, and Serotonin with Depression
type: item
description: Objective: To explore the relation between serum cortisol, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and serotonin (5-HT) levels in patients with melancholic depression, atypical depression, and healthy controls. Methodology: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from August 2023 to July 2024 at the Combined Military Hospital, Muzaffarabad. After ethical approval of the study, a total of 105 participants were enrolled using a non-probability convenience sampling method, including 35 healthy individuals, 35 with melancholic depression, and 35 with atypical depression. Serum levels of cortisol, IL-6, and serotonin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to analyze the data and determine associations between these biomarkers across different depression groups. Results: Elevated serum IL-6 levels were found in both depression groups compared to healthy controls (p <0.001). Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in both depression groups as compared to controls, with a notable difference between the two depression types (p <0.001). Serum serotonin levels were lower in both depression groups as compared to controls with no significant variation between melancholic and atypical depression (p <0.001). Positive correlations were observed between serum IL-6 and cortisol (p =0.001; r=0.629) in melancholic depression, while IL-6 exhibited a negative correlation with serotonin (p =0.014; r= -0.411) in atypical depression. Serum cortisol also displayed a negative correlation with serotonin in melancholic depression but the results were statistically insignificant (r=-0.33, p= 0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed elevated cortisol & interleukin-6 levels and decreased serotonin levels in depression groups as compared to healthy controls. The melancholic & atypical depression subtypes did not significantly differ for interleukin-6 and serotonin levels. However, a significant elevation in …
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Depression
  topic: keywords
subject: Cortisol
  topic: keywords
subject: Interleukin-6
  topic: keywords
subject: Serotonin
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarkers
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Tariq
creator: Farhat Bano
creator: Muhammad Haroon Khattak
creator: Muhammad Azhar Sattar
creator: Nasir Wakeel
creator: Aasma Tariq
creator: Shabbir Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 20
ending page: 25

Diagnostic Accuracy of Alanine Aminotransferase in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy and its Association with Maternal & Fetal/Neonatal Complications
type: item
description: Objective: To estimate the accuracy of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), using bile acid levels as the gold standard in the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and to assess the maternal & fetal/neonatal complications between ICP cases and healthy pregnant females as well as cases with high and very high ALT levels. Methodology: After approval from the ethical committee, this cross-sectional study was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Mirpur during six months from September 2024 to February 2025. Using non-probability convenience sampling, 2500 pregnant women were included after taking their informed consent. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of ALT were evaluated using bile acid levels as a gold standard. The frequencies of maternal and fetal/neonatal complications were compared between cases of ICP and healthy pregnant females and cases with high ALT (41-100 IU/L) and very high ALT levels (>100 IU/L). Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: The frequency of ICP was 2.4%. Serum ALT has a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 99%, and diagnostic accuracy of 98.6%. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an area under the curve of 0.911 indicating excellent diagnostic accuracy. Preterm delivery, induction of labor, low birth weight, and respiratory distress were more significant in patients with ALT levels >100 IU/L. Conclusion: Serum ALT is a reliable marker for the diagnosis of ICP with high sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy. The maternal and fetal/neonatal complications were significantly higher in patients with ICP particularly those with very high ALT levels.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Alanine aminotransferase
  topic: keywords
subject: Bile acids
  topic: keywords
subject: Intrahepatic cholestasis
  topic: keywords
creator: Aisha Yousaf
creator: Nuzhat Sultana
creator: Robina Kouser
creator: Filza Habib
creator: Aurooj Fatima
creator: Hina Zubair
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 14
ending page: 19

Comparison of Soft Tissue Healing in Immediate Implant Placement in Fresh Extraction Socket with and without the Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin
type: item
description: Objective: To compare soft tissue healing in immediate implant placement in fresh extraction socket with and without the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) by evaluating cover screw exposure on 7th post-operative day and pink esthetic score on 3rd and 6th post-operative month. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi over 10 months from June 2022 to March 2023 after ethical approval. Total 60 patients aged 18-60 years with maxillary or mandibular teeth indicated for extraction without active infection and with adequate gingival architecture and bone volume were included. Thirty participants were included in intervention and control groups. Written informed consent and demographic details were acquired from patients and recorded. Participants were non-randomly allocated via non-probability convenience sampling to receive immediate implant placement with or without PRF based on the availability of intervention material and clinical scheduling. Follow-up evaluations were done on the 7th post-operative day for presence or absence of cover screw exposure and at 3 and 6 months for mean pink esthetic scores (PES). Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Results: The mean age of the participants was 37.97±13.37 years. The sample consisted of 27(45%) males and 33(55%) females. Among the PRF intervention group (n=30), 4(13.3%) had cover screw exposure on the 7th post-operative day, while 26(86.7%) did not. While for the control group, the presence and absence of cover screw exposure was 15(50%). Participants who received PRF treatment demonstrated significantly higher mean PES scores at both the 3rd month (11.73±1.143) and the 6th month (10.93±0.907), compared to 9.17±0.747 and 8.90-/+0.845, respectively, in those without PRF. A statistically significant difference between the mean PES of the groups (p <0.001) was…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Immediate dental implant loading
  topic: keywords
subject: Platelet-rich fibrin
  topic: keywords
subject: Bone regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: Tooth extraction
  topic: keywords
creator: Tehmina Maryam
creator: Babar Pasha
creator: Muhammad Afzal
creator: Muhammad Nazir Khan
creator: Aiema Nawaz
creator: Noman Tahir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 9
ending page: 13

Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusion among Women
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the outcomes in female patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion. Methodology: This longitudinal descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi from July 2024 to March 2025 after taking approval from the ethical committee. A total of 56 female patients with a diagnosed chronic total occlusion (CTO) who had persistent angina symptoms despite optimal medical therapy were included using non-probability convenience sampling. All these patients were eligible to undergo CTO-PCI with normal kidney function and gave informed consent. The patients underwent CTO-PCI by interventional cardiologists. All the patients had a monthly follow-up for 3 months post-procedure. The outcomes assessed were rate of procedural success, in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and cardiac mortality & symptom-free at 3 months. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: The procedural success rate was found in 37(66.1%) patients. In-hospital MACE occurred in 5(8.9%) patients. Two (3.6%) patients died whereas, 40(71.4%) patients were symptom-free at 3 months. In-hospital MACE was significantly less in the successful CTO-PCI group (p-value=0.04) and the majority [34(94.4%)] of the patients in the successful CTO-PCI group were symptom-free at 3 months (p-value=0.001). However, there was no significant difference in mortality at 3 months between the two groups with a p-value of 0.53. The procedural failure was significantly associated with the elderly age group >60 years (p-value=0.02) and diabetes mellitus (p-value=0.004). Conclusion: The CTO-PCI has a procedural success rate of 66.1% and the majority of the patients were symptom-free after the procedure. The statistically significant outcomes were reduction in the frequency of in-hospital MACE and symptom-free at 3 months in the successful CTO-PCI …
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Chronic total occlusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Percutaneous coronary intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Myocardial infarction
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Waleed Hassan
creator: Asif Manzoor
creator: Azhar-ul-Hassan Qureshi
creator: Muhammad Wajahat Alam Lodhi
creator: Waqas Mohiuddin
creator: Muwahhid Rasheed
creator: Sohail Aziz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 3
ending page: 8

Maternal Malnutrition: Burden on Maternal and Neonatal Health in Pakistan
type: item
description: Maternal malnutrition is a major public health concern in Pakistan, contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes, increased maternal and neonatal mortality, and long-term health issues in children. It includes undernutrition, overweight and obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies, with a significant proportion of women of reproductive age affected due to poverty, food insecurity, low education, and inadequate antenatal care. Poor maternal nutrition is strongly associated with low birth weight, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction, creating a cycle of poor health and reduced human capital. Addressing this challenge requires integrated strategies including nutritional education and supplementation, strengthened antenatal services, community engagement, effective policy implementation, and ongoing research. Expanding national initiatives such as the Aaghosh program can help reduce regional disparities and support Pakistan’s progress toward achieving maternal and neonatal health targets under the Sustainable Development Goals.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Amna Iqbal Butt
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-10
publication date: 2025-06-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 2

Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Complex Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in terms of Mortality and Stent Thrombosis
type: item
description: Objective: To compare the effects of ticagrelor and clopidogrel on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), 30 day mortality, and stent thrombosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methodology: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi in 3 months from June to August 2025 after ethical approval. After obtaining informed written consent, 376 patients with STEMI treated with complex PCI were included by non-probability convenience sampling technique. The patients were assigned to two groups: Group A received aspirin & clopidogrel, whereas group B received aspirin and ticagrelor. The outcomes assessed were MACE, 30 day mortality, and stent thrombosis. Follow-up was done till 1 month. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: Bifurcation stenting was present in 80(42.6%) patients in clopidogrel group, while it was seen in 46(24.5%) patients in ticagrelor group. The left main PCI was also more prevalent in the ticagrelor group [81(43.1%)]. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 3 flow was restored in 53.7% versus 30.3% of the patients taking ticagrelor and clopidogrel, respectively. Stent thrombosis and MACE were significantly higher in the clopidogrel group (8.5% versus 2.7%) and (19.1% versus 11.2%), respectively. In contrast, no substantial difference was noted regarding 30 day mortality (9% vs. 8%) between the two groups. Conclusion: Ticagrelor is associated with improved post-PCI TIMI flow, lower incidence of MACE and stent thrombosis in STEMI patients who underwent complex PCI as compared to clopidogrel. However, 30 day mortality is not significantly different in the two groups.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Ticagrelor
  topic: keywords
subject: Clopidogrel
  topic: keywords
subject: Percutaneous coronary intervention
  topic: keywords
creator: Mujaddid Mudassir
creator: Tanvir Ahmad Raja
creator: Hamza Azhar Ghauri
creator: Muhammad Umar Farooq
creator: Ephraim Sheraz
creator: Muhammad Husnain Yousaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 102
ending page: 106
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.08

Early Clinical Exposure through Modular Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Students: Student Experiences
type: item
description: Objective: To explore experiences and perceptions of early clinical exposure (ECE) in undergraduate medical students under a modular curriculum through a mixed-methods approach. Methodology: This cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted at Rashid Latif Khan University Medical College, Lahore from July to September 2025, following a recently introduced modular curriculum after ethical approval. The participants were second-year MBBS students who had completed at least one year of learning under the modular system with early clinical exposure components. After obtaining written, informed consent, 100 students were included using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Quantitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire using 5-point Likert scale assessing integration of basic and clinical sciences, motivation to learn, communication with patients, and overall satisfaction. Qualitative perceptions were obtained through focus group discussions (FGDs), transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using NVivo software. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: The majority of the students were of the opinion that ECE resulted in enhanced incorporation of basic and clinical sciences (mean Likert score 4.3/5), it also improved the motivation to learn (4.5/5), and better-quality communication skills with patients (4.2/5). Qualitative data analysis with thematic analysis discovered four major themes, i.e. (1) Linking theory and practice; students recognized the significance of learning in a specific context (2) Motivation through realistic exposure - clinical learning environment stimulated them for enhanced learning (3) Professionalism and communication - students felt an improvement in their self-confidence, communication skills and empathy with the patients; and (4) Challenges and barriers - despite major positive outcomes overcrowding, lack of time, and inconsistent facult…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Clinical competence
  topic: keywords
subject: Professionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Empathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Curriculum
  topic: keywords
creator: Lamia Yusuf
creator: Aqsa Aslam
creator: Maaz Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Fayyaz Atif
creator: Muhammad Hashim Khan
creator: Muhammad Bin Ahsan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 96
ending page: 101
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.07

Association of Radial Artery Diameter with Radial Artery Spasm in Patients Undergoing Transradial Cardiac Catheterization
type: item
description: Objective: To assess the association of radial artery spasm (RAS) with radial artery diameter and other factors in patients undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization. Methodology: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi from June to September 2025 after ethical approval. After taking informed written consent, 150 patients who underwent coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention using transradial approach were included. Prior to the procedure, radial artery diameter was assessed by the linear probe of Xario 100g Ultrasound machine. Radial artery spasm was assessed clinically by the operator and radial artery angiograms. Patients were divided into two groups: group I with no RAS and group II with RAS. The association of RAS with the radial artery diameter and other variables were determined. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for data analysis. Results: Radial artery spasm occurred in 35(23.3%) patients. The time to vascular access was significantly higher (150.60±49.77 seconds) in patients with RAS as compared to those without spasm (43.69±29.61 seconds) (p=0.001). The number of procedure attempts, episodes of vasovagal syncope (3.3% versus 0%) and access site crossover (6% versus 0%) were also significantly higher in patients with RAS. The radial artery spasm had a significant positive association with radial artery diameter, ejection fraction, angiographic findings, and treatment plan. The ROC curve showed an area under the curve of 0.876, showing the excellent ability of radial artery diameter to predict RAS. Conclusion: Radial artery spasm affects a significant proportion of patients (23.3%) undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization. The radial artery diameter, vascular access time, need for ultrasound assistance to secure vascular assistance, additional vasodilator & glide wire, vasovagal syncope, and access site crossover were significantly h…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Radial Artery
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiac catheterization
  topic: keywords
subject: Percutaneous coronary intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Coronary angiography
  topic: keywords
creator: Ismail Ahmed Khan
creator: Umer Shafiq
creator: Sohail Aziz
creator: Zohair Aziz
creator: Wajahat Lodhi
creator: Waleed Hassan
creator: Asif Manzoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 90
ending page: 95
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.06

Comparison of Effectiveness between Diclofenac Suppositories and Injection Diclofenac in Abdominal Surgeries
type: item
description: Objective: To compare the effectiveness of diclofenac suppositories and injection diclofenac in pain relief after abdominal surgeries. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at the West Surgical Ward, Mayo Hospital, Lahore from June 2022 to January 2023 after taking approval from ethical committee. Total 136 patients undergoing elective and emergency abdominal surgeries were enrolled in the study via non-probability convenience sampling technique. Informed written consent was taken from all the patients. The patients were divided into two groups (group A & B). Group A was given diclofenac suppositories and group B was given injection diclofenac via the intramuscular (I/M) route. The pain scores were recorded by using visual analogue scale (VAS) at 0, 8, 16, and 24 hours. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: There was a significant decrease in mean pain scores at 0, 8, 16, and 24 hours post-operatively in group A as compared to group B. The maximum difference in the means was observed at 16 hours post-operatively (p <0.001). Only 15(11.1%) patients in group A required rescue analgesia, while more than half the patients in group B required rescue analgesia for effective pain relief (p=0.001). The proportion of patients experiencing adverse effects of the drug in group A was significantly smaller (8.1%) as compared to group B (25.7%) (p=0.001). Conclusion: Rectal suppositories of diclofenac were significantly more effective for post-operative pain relief among patients undergoing abdominal surgeries as compared to diclofenac intramuscular injection.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Pain
  topic: keywords
subject: Post-operative
  topic: keywords
subject: Visual Analog Scale
  topic: keywords
subject: Analgesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Diclofenac
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Abu Usama
creator: Fizza Laraib
creator: Farhana Manzoor
creator: Maham Fatima
creator: Syed Suleman Zafar Jafary
creator: Hafiz Zain-ul-Abdeen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 84
ending page: 89
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.05

Diagnostic Accuracy of Retrograde Urethrogram in Determination of Urethral Stricture taking Cystoscopy as Gold Standard
type: item
description: Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of retrograde urethrogram in determination of urethral strictures taking cystoscopy as the gold standard. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Radiology, Sharif Medical & Dental College, Lahore from May to October 2024. After ethical approval and written informed consent, 189 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited through non-probability convenience sampling technique. These patients underwent retrograde urethrogram (RUG) with contrast injection, followed by cystoscopy 4-5 days later. Demographic details and history of risk factors were recorded. Radiographic findings were assessed by a radiologist, and patients were classified as positive or negative for urethral strictures. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. A 2x2 table was made and diagnostic accuracy was calculated. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Results: Retrograde urethrogram detected urethral strictures in 24.3% of cases with a sensitivity of 75.56%, specificity of 91.67%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 73.91%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.31%. The overall diagnostic accuracy of RUG was 87.83%. Age groups, history of urinary tract infections, and prostate surgeries had significant association with the presence/absence of strictures on RUG (p <0.05). Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of retrograde urethrogram was high in determination of urethral strictures taking cystoscopy as the gold standard. Urethral strictures were significantly more prevalent among older males with history of urinary tract infections and prostate surgeries.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Urethral stricture
  topic: keywords
subject: Cystoscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Contrast media
  topic: keywords
subject: Iohexol
  topic: keywords
creator: Rafia Irum
creator: Aneeza Qayyum
creator: Hira Bushra
creator: Hamna Mazhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 79
ending page: 83
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.04

Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Children and Young Adolescents Visiting Provincial Headquarter Hospital in Gilgit, Pakistan and their Associated Factors
type: item
description: Objective: To detect the frequency and species distribution of intestinal parasites among children and young adolescents visiting a provincial Headquarter Hospital in Gilgit, Pakistan and determine their association with socio-demographic and environmental factors Methodology: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was done among patients visiting the Provincial Headquarter Hospital in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan after ethical approval. The study duration was 6 months from August 2024 to January 2025. After taking informed consent, 227 children and young adolescents with ages ranging from 1 to 18 years were included using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire including demographic factors, hygiene practices, healthcare access, and other relevant factors. Specimen bottles labeled with participant names and identification numbers were provided to parents and they were guided for stool sample collection. The collected specimens were processed in the Pathology Department of a healthcare facility for stool routine analysis. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) were present in 74(32.6%) children and young adolescents. Ascaris lumbricoides (46%) and Giardia lamblia (29.7%) were the most prevalent intestinal parasites. Access to clean drinking water and hygienic conditions had a significant relation with IPIs (p-value=0.001). No significant association was seen with other variables such as gender, age, education level, and family income. Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infections were prevalent in 32.6% children and young adolescents. Ascaris lumbricoides and Giardia lamblia were the most common parasites. There was a statistically significant influence of environmental factors, particularly access to clean drinking water and poor personal hygienic conditions, on the frequency of these infections.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Parasitic infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Ascariasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Giardiasis
  topic: keywords
creator: Uzma Ali
creator: Sadaf Nasir
creator: Adnan Qureshi
creator: Aqsa Aslam
creator: Namra Yunus
creator: Zakia Wahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 73
ending page: 78
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.03

Efficacy of Lacosamide in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy
type: item
description: Objective: To compare the efficacy of lacosamide versus placebo in patients with diabetic neuropathy in terms of reduction of the mean pain score. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Nishtar Hospital, Multan from April to August 2025. After informed written consent, 60 patients with diabetic neuropathy were included and their baseline pain levels at recruitment were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The patients were enrolled using non-probability convenience sampling technique and subsequently randomized equally through a lottery method. Randomization was used to assign patients to either group A (lacosamide) or group B (placebo). Participants were administered either lacosamide (LCM; brand name atcomid) or a placebo that contained microcrystalline cellulose, which was commercially available and widely used in clinical trials involving diabetics. Both placebo & lacosamide were started at 100 mg daily and escalated to 400 mg/day over four weeks. Both were maintained at 400 mg for 12 weeks. The VAS was used to measure baseline and post-treatment pain scores. The variables of age, gender, duration of diabetes, obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), and diabetes control were documented. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for the analysis of the data. Results: The age distribution of the study population was statistically similar in the two groups (46.67±9.66 years vs. 49.30±8.38 years; p=0.264). Majority of the participants were males in both groups (66.7% vs. 56.7%). The baseline VAS values were almost similar across the groups (group A: 7.40±1.96 vs. group B: 6.87±2.01; p=0.31). The lacosamide group showed a notable decrease in post-treatment pain scores as compared to placebo (3.90±1.92 vs. 6.73±1.72; p <0.001). Conclusion: Lacosamide provided a statistically and clinically significant reduction in pain intensity among patients with diabetic neuropathy compar…
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Diabetic neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Small fiber neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Visual analog scale
  topic: keywords
subject: Lacosamide
  topic: keywords
creator: Awais Akram
creator: Shahzad Alam Khan
creator: Umair Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 68
ending page: 72
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.02

Association of HbA1c Levels with Complexity of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the association of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels with the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in terms of higher synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score measured during coronary angiography. Methodology: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi from July to September 2025 after approval from the ethical committee of the institution. Patients were divided into two groups. Those with HbA1c ≤7% were labeled as group 1 and group 2 had patients with HbA1c >7%. After informed written consent, 122 confirmed diabetic patients who presented with ACS and underwent coronary angiography were included using non-probability convenience sampling. The SYNTAX score was estimated to determine angiographic disease complexity. The patients with scores of 0-22 were labeled as low risk, 23-32 as intermediate, and >32 as high-risk CAD. The blood samples of patients were taken and sent for HbA1c levels and fasting lipid profile. Data analysis was carried out with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: When CAD risk categories were compared with HbA1c groups, the majority of the patients in group 1 (34.4%) and group 2 (24.6%) had low risk and intermediate risk CAD, respectively. There was a significant and moderate positive correlation (r=0.528) between HbA1c and SYNTAX scores (p-value=0.001). Only the lipid profile showed a significant relationship with CAD risk categories. Conclusion: The majority of patients with HbA1c ≤7% had low-risk CAD, while patients with HbA1c >7% had intermediate-risk CAD. The SYNTAX score significantly increased with increasing HbA1c levels. In addition, the patients with intermediate and high-risk CAD also had dyslipidemia.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Glycated hemoglobin
  topic: keywords
subject: Coronary artery disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Acute coronary syndrome
  topic: keywords
creator: Umer Shafiq
creator: Ismail Ahmed Khan
creator: Sohail Aziz
creator: Kashif ur Rehman
creator: Tayyeb Muhammad
creator: Farman Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sharif Medical & Dental College is licensed and distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 62
ending page: 67
doi: 10.66984/jsmdc.v11.i02.oa.01